Hookwormrelated cutaneous larva migrans is a parasitic dermatosis caused by the penetration of larvae, mostly of a dog or cat hookworm, into the epidermis of humans 1,2. Cutaneous larva migrans dermatologic disorders merck. A case of cutaneous larva migrans international journal of. Read more about symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, complications, causes and prognosis. Visceral larva migrans vlm is a condition in humans caused by the migratory larvae of certain nematodes, humans being a deadend host, and was first reported in 1952.
There are two major forms of toxocariasis, visceral toxocariasis vt, also called visceral larva migrans vlm, and ocular toxocariasis ot, also called ocular larva migrans olm. It is caused by the accidental percutaneous penetration and migration of nematode larvae through the epidermis, usually of animal hookworms, most commonly ancylostoma braziliense, ancylostoma caninum and gnathostoma species gillespie, 2004. Cutaneous larva migrans abbreviated clm is a skin disease in humans, caused by the larvae of various nematode parasites of the hookworm family ancylostomatidae. Pdf cutaneous larva migrans a case report researchgate. The parasites are found mostly in tropical and subtropical regions like. Cutaneous larva migrans is a parasitic skin infection caused by hookworm larvae that usually infest cats, dogs and other animals. This eruption is most commonly found in tropical and subtropical areas but was recently reported from western europe, including germany 3,4, england 5,6, scotland, and southern france. H uman toxocariasis is a zoonosis caused by the larvae of toxocara sp. Larva migrans in man is a disease characterized by inflammatory reaction around or in the wake of migrating larvae, most commonly larvae of nematode parasites of other animals. Myocarditis associated with visceral larva migrans due to toxocara canis. Pdf carta ao editor larva migrans cutanea cutaneous larva. Cutaneous larva migrans is distinguished from the cutaneous manifestation of strongyloides. Letter to the editor hookwormrelated cutaneous larva migrans. Since these larvae cannot penetrate the basal membrane of human skin, they remain confined to the epidermis and are unable to develop and complete their lifecycle.
The symptoms vary with the location and extent of the migration. The duration of hookwormrelated cutaneous larva migrans ranged from 5 to 14 months mean 7. Cutaneous larva migrans usually heals spontaneously within weeks or months. Aug 12, 2009 cutaneous larva migrans clm is a skin disease in humans, caused by the larvae of various nematode parasites, the most common of which in the americas is ancylostoma braziliense. Cutaneous larva migrans clm is endemic in resourcepoor communities in the developing world and occurs sporadically in highincome countries, where it is commonly seen as an imported skin disease in travelers. Humans and a wide range of animal species can be affected by this disease. This is the first clinical report of visceral larva migrans in peru. Apr 12, 20 cutaneous larva migrans is caused by incidental infestation of a human by animal nematode larvae usually thriving dogs and cats 1, 2, 416. Hookworm ova in dog or cat feces develop into infective larvae when left in warm moist ground or sand.
Cutaneous larva migrans, or clm, is a parasitic skin infection. The infection is characterized by the development of itchy papules followed by serpiginous or linear streaks. Pubmed is a searchable database of medical literature and lists journal articles that discuss cutaneous larva migrans. Cutaneous larva migrans kaliaperumal karthikeyan, devinder.
Humans can be infected with the larvae by walking barefoot on sandy beaches or contacting moist soft soil that has been contaminated with animal faeces. Cutaneous larva migrans clm in humans is usually caused by the penetration of cat or dog hookworm larvae. In vlm, which occurs mostly in preschool children, the larvae invade multiple tissues commonly liver, lung, skeletal muscle, occasionally heart and cause various nonspecific symptoms e. It most frequently occurs as a result of human infection with the larvae of the dog or cat hookworms. Feb 27, 2019 ocular larva migrans is a rare inflammatory condition of the eye caused by local reactions to the larva of toxocara species. Cutaneous larva migrans dermatologic disorders msd. Las larvas causan una dermatitis migratoria pruriginosa a. Cutaneous larva migrans clm is a skin disease in humans, caused by the larvae of various nematode parasites, the most common of which in the americas is ancylostoma braziliense. In the skin the condition is called cutaneous larva migrans. This is most commonly transmitted by animal feces depositing eggs in the soil, with larvae entering humans through direct contact with skin. These larvae usually have their origin from nematodes and rarely from insects. Efficacy of albendazole ointment on cutaneous larva migrans in 2 young children.
Visceral larva migrans and other uncommon helminth infections. However, because more and more people travel in different areas on the globe, the infection is no longer confined to these areas. These are roundworms which infest dogs and cats as their definitive hosts. Like many new zoonotic diseases in humans in recent years, the emergence of baylisascariasis is. It is one of the most frequent cutaneous infestations in warm countries latin america, the caribbean, africa, southeast asia and southwestern united states 4. Please refer to the related chapter on travelacquired worldwide cutaneous infections. The migrating worms provoke severe inflammation, which appears as serpinginous urticarial trails. Clm is caused by ancylostoma sp, most commonly dog or cat hookworm ancylostoma braziliense. Hookwormrelated cutaneous larva migrans hrclm is an infestation caused by penetration and migration in the epidermis of the larvae of nematodes. Cutaneous larva migrans clm is the skin manifestation of hookworm infestation. Mandell, douglas, and bennetts principles and practice of infectious diseases, updated edition. Cutaneous larva migrans is caused by ancylostoma, a hookworm that normally inhabits the intestines of dogs and cats. The most common type of hookworm that causes clm is called ancylostoma braziliense which usually infects dogs.
The syndromes vlm and olm can be caused by infection with the migrating larvae of other kinds of parasites which cause symptoms similar to those caused by. A simple intervention to prevent cutaneous larva migrans among. The main clinical presentations of toxocariasis are visceral larva migrans vlm and ocular larva migrans olm, although most infections are asymptomatic. Humans normally become infected with the hookworm larvae by walking barefoot on a beach, or by contact with soil that is contaminated with animal faeces. The animal hookworm larvae that cause cutaneous larva migrans clm usually do not survive more than 5 6 weeks in the human host. The parasites are found mostly in tropical and subtropical regions like the caribbean, south and central america, southerneast asia and africa 6, 9, 11. Cutaneous larva migrans manifests as an erythematous, serpiginous, pruritic, cutaneous eruption caused by accidental percutaneous penetration and subsequent migration of larvae of various nematode parasites. Clinical features and management of 44 cases presenting in the returning traveler. Pdf cutaneous larva migrans may be diagnosed by the typical clinical presentation, consisting on a pruritic serpiginous lesion that advances in a. Cutaneous larva migrans is acquired by skin contact with hookworm larvae in the soil. These parasites live in the intestines of dogs, cats, and wild animals and should not be confused with other members of the hookworm family for which humans are definitive hosts, namely ancylostoma duodenale and necator americanus. These nematodes can infect but not mature in humans and after migrating through the intestinal wall. Cutaneous larva migrans cml also known as creeping eruption is one of the most frequent skin diseases among travelers returning from tropical countries 14.
The efficacy of single dose ivermectin in the treatment of hookworm related cutaneous larva migrans varies depending on the clinical presentation. To diminish the symptoms, the patient was treated with albendazole at 100. Cutaneous larva migrans north dakota department of health. The skin presents an eruption that is accompanied by redness and intense pruritus. The eggs of the parasite are in dog and cat feces and develop into larvae when left in warm, moist soil or sand. December 20 importance larva migrans is a group of clinical syndromes that result from the movement of parasite larvae through host tissues. When bare skin touches the ground, for example, when a person walks barefoot or sunbathes, the hookworm gets into. Sometimes the worm larvae may invade the eye of the host.
This treatise on baylisascaris larva migrans highlights the recent emergence of a zoonotic disease that over the past 35 years has evolved and progressed as both an animal and human disease. The names applied to this condition are as varied as the organisms that cause it and include creeping eruptions, sandworm. Cutaneous larva migrans clm is a clinical syndrome consisting of an erythematous migrating linear or serpiginous cutaneous track. Feb 27, 2019 ocular larva migrans is a debilitating condition which can cause vision loss in children. Cutaneous larva migrans is a type of dermatitis that occurs in people who have traveled to tropical and subtropical geographical areas. Causes vlm is caused by roundworms parasites that are found in the intestines of dogs and cats. Cutaneous larva migrans is caused by incidental infestation of a human by animal nematode larvae usually thriving dogs and cats 1, 2, 416. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Hookwormrelated cutaneous larva migrans in patients. Cutaneous larva migrans clm is the most common tropically acquired dermatosis whose earliest description dates back more than 100 years.
Case studies in international travelers american family. When animals defecate on soil or sand the hookworm eggs pass out with the faeces onto. Sep 16, 2011 hookwormrelated cutaneous larva migrans hrclm is a parasitic skin disease caused by the migration of animal hookworm larvae in the epidermis. In a series of 25 patients treated with a placebo, 12% healed by the end of the first week and 36% by the end of the fourth week. Cutaneous larva migrans clm, also known as creeping eruption 1 of the skin, results from penetration of the human skin by the hookworm. Hookwormrelated cutaneous larva migrans hrclm is a zoonosis caused by larvae of animal hookworms e. Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report. Cutaneous larva migrans associated with lofflers syndrome in a 6yearold boy. Ocular larva migrans is a disease caused by the final migration of these larvae and affects mostly the young, with an average age group of 311 years. Hookwormrelated cutaneous larva migrans in patients living. However, treatment may help control symptoms and help prevent secondary bacterial infections. Cutaneous larva migrans clm is a common skin infestation seen in the tropical and subtropical geographic areas. Nov 11, 2014 cutaneous larva migrans is a roundworm usually hookworm infection.
Cutaneous larva migrans clm is a skin condition thats caused by several species of parasite. Organisms may travel through the skin cutaneous larva migrans or internal organs visceral larva. Larva migrans definition of larva migrans by medical dictionary. Cutaneous larva migrans skin disorders merck manuals. Cutaneous larva migransis a widespread and wellrecognized disease in the tropics and is considered the most common dermatological problem affecting westerners after. Like many new zoonotic diseases in humans in recent years, the emergence of baylisascariasis is a result of our densely populated. Pdf cutaneous larva migrans or creeping eruption is an uncommon parasitic skin infection caused by the filariform larvae of dog or cat hook worms. Clm is caused by hookworm larvae that usually infect cats, dogs and other animals. Cutaneous larva migrans migrans creeping eruption is a cutaneous cutaneous eruption resulting from exposure of the skin to infective filariform filariform larvae of nonhuman hookworms and strongyloides.
After penetration, the nematode larvae are captured in a biological impasse since they cannot pass the basal membrane of the. Cutaneous larva migrans is a skin condition in which the larvae of some hookworm species migrate within the skin to produce an. Treatment of cutaneous larva migrans clinical infectious. Cutaneous larva migrans clm is a hookworm infection, which manifests as cutaneous eruption. Cutaneous larva migrans pictures, symptoms, diagnosis.
Cutaneous larva migrans primary care dermatology society. Cutaneous larva migrans chapter 4 2020 yellow book. Cutaneous larva migrans dermatologic disorders msd manual. The final diagnosis of cutaneous larva migrans clm was made. You may also see it referred to as creeping eruption or larva migrans. Occurs in most warm humid tropical and subtropical areas eg eg south usa along the coasts, coasts of west, south and east africa, southeast. This entity is also known by various other names such as creeping eruption, sand worm, plumbers itch, duck hunters itch and epidermatitis linearis migrans. If the worm larvae migrate through various internal organs of the host, it is called visceral larva migrans. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of hookwormrelated cutaneous larva migrans. Chronic hookwormrelated cutaneous larva migrans core. It is caused by skin penetration of parasitic larvae due to direct skin contact with contaminated soil. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. Cutaneous larva migrans clm is a dermatitis caused by the invasion and migration of larva of parasites in the skin. Subsequently, the term larva migrans was linked to the ancylostoma sp.
Cutaneous larva migrans clm, also having been termed for the clinical sign of creeping eruption, is an infectious syndrome caused by multiple types of hookworms. Larva currens definition of larva currens by medical dictionary. Cutaneous larva migrans university college hospital. Chronic hookwormrelated cutaneous larva migrans international. Vanhaecke c, perignon a, monsel g, regnier s, bricaire f, caumes e. Larva migrans importance overview iowa state university. After penetration, the nematode larvae are captured in a biological impasse since they cannot pass the basal membrane of the epidermis of the human host. Cutaneous larva migrans is caused by migration of larval nematodes through the epidermis. Clinically, cutaneous larva migrans clm or creeping eruption, is a raised, erythematous, linear or serpiginous skin eruption, which is often accompanied by intense pruritus. Hookworm ova in dog or cat feces develop into infective larvae when left in warm moist ground or. In most patients with clm, the signs and symptoms resolve without medical treatment. Larval migrans has been seen in dogs, pigs, rabbits, lambs, cattle, nonhuman primates, domestic and wild. Cutaneous larva migrans acquired in brittany, france.
Click on the link to view a sample search on this topic. For this reason, this relatively rare condition requires to be diagnosed and treated adequately. These nematodes can infect but not mature in humans and. Nematodes causing such zoonotic infections are baylisascaris procyonis, toxocara canis, toxocara cati, and ascaris suum. Pathology of cutaneous larva migrans dr sampurna roy md.
Cutaneous larva migrans is a hookworm infection transmitted from warm, moist soil or sand to exposed skin. Sep 03, 2019 there are two major forms of toxocariasis, visceral toxocariasis vt, also called visceral larva migrans vlm, and ocular toxocariasis ot, also called ocular larva migrans olm. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Sep 10, 2018 cutaneous larva migrans clm is the most common tropically acquired dermatosis whose earliest description dates back more than 100 years. Visceral larva migrans vlm is a human infection with certain parasites found in the intestines of dogs and cats.
1549 1293 29 1102 794 1527 693 230 708 1286 1109 953 878 1339 768 901 208 1622 645 1505 574 1369 850 907 998 1214 252 150 632 108 1091 767 638 1163 925 7 91 864